记得学习考研英语否定形式应该怎么翻译
考研英语英译汉翻译时，对于否定结构的翻译一定要用心，需要掌握好它的重点。为大家精心准备了考研英语否定形式的复习指南，欢迎大家前来阅读。
考研英语否定形式的翻译法
一、全部否定
例如：Nor, as things are, could the actual study of science easily be separated from technology, on which it has come to depend rather intimately for materials and apparatus. 本句是全部否定。Nor, neither, never等词由于句首要倒装，且表示对全句的全部否定，翻译时将否定移回原位。本句中主句是被动语态，译成主动语态;定语从句很长，而且与原句具有某种因果关系，所以单独翻译;depend on的on被提前。参考译文：就目前的情况来看，很难把实际的科学研究和技术分开，因为科学已经非常依赖技术来获得材料和仪器。
二、部分否定
例如：Not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates. 本句是部分否定句。英语中，有些句型，比如：all...not, not all, every...not, not every, both...not等，都是表示部分否定，可以翻译成"并不都......"。但是，需要注意no, none, neither, nor引导的是全部否定。例如：No two people think alike.(没有两个人的想法是一样的。)因此前面的例句可以翻译成：并不是所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都化合为碳水化合物。
三、双重否定
例如：Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized. 本句是双重否定句，可以翻译成：它的意义和重要性， 不管无论如何强调，都不算过分。英语中，两个表示否定意义的词用在同一句话中，实际上整句话表肯定。此外，还有一些固定的句型，比如cannot / hardly / scarcely...enough / too / over+动词(无论怎么......也不过分......)， only too...to (非常)，cannot but(不会不，一定会)等表示肯定。比如：We are only too willing to do it for you. (我们非常愿意为你做这件事。)
四、形肯实否
例如： Time is what we want most, but what many use worst. 我们最缺少时间，但偏偏许多人最不善于利用时间。
五、形否实肯
例如：He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. 他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。
六、否定转移
例如：Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 否定转移是指形式上看起来是否定某个词语或主句，但实际上是否定另外的词语或从句。因此例句可以翻译成：不要因为时间紧张就敷衍塞责。最常见的`是"主语 + don't think + 从句 (否定从句)"，"not...because / because of...(否定because / because of )"等。对于否定转移，翻译时要把否定转回原位。本句中，not否定的是because从句，所以翻译时要把not还原到because从句上。
七、排除否定
As they expected to be away from the steamer only a few hours, they took enough food for one meal only and no extra clothing beyond what they stood up in. 本句是排除否定。所谓排除否定，就是指该句中有一部分是否定，有一部分是肯定。通常地，会用一些介词或连词等来排除掉其所引导或连接的部分。常见的引导词有：beyond (除了)、other than(除了)、except (除了)、nothing more than (仅仅)等。该句中是用beyond引导的排除否定，排除掉其后的what they stood up in;由于本句前面有no,也可以看成是no和beyond的双重否定表肯定。 以上例句可以翻译成：因为他们估计离开轮船只有几个小时，所以只带了一顿饭的食物和身上穿的衣服/所以只带了一顿饭的食物，除了身上穿的之外，没有多带衣服。
考研英语提升写作能力的方法
1. 背记：
背什么?第一、背阅读理解等材料里面的成语、惯用句式或段落。第二、背教师给的范文的框架、句型、段落。众所周知，读、写是培养书面交际能力。读、写既互相区别，又互相联系。研究生英语入学考试的短文写作是测试考生书面表达的一般能力。要提高书面表达能力， 必须多读、多背。多读、多背是解决语言知识问题。近代英国语言学家帕麦尔 (H. E. Palmer) 在所著的《The Oral Method of Teaching Languages》一书中说过这样一段话：“The study of a language is in its essence a series of acts of memorizing; whether we are concerned with isolated words, with word-groups, with meanings or with the phenomena of grammar, the fact remains that successful memorizing is the basis of all process。”(学习一种语言，从本质上说， 是一系列的记忆活动，不管我们所涉及的是孤立的单词、词组、词义或语法现象，事实总是这样：记忆是一切成功的基础。) 这段话告诉我们，熟记是学习外语能否成功的关键，记多少就能用多少;什么也不记，就听不懂，说不出，也就谈不上写作了。考生在准备应试过程中的背记范文是非常重要的。
2. 改写：
所谓“改写”就是根据命题要求对背过的语言材料进行去粗取精、去伪存真的模仿练习。这是培养写作技能熟巧问题的必经之路。在这方面，考生应多做句子、段落和短文的汉译英练习，对照答案反复推敲，悟出道理来，才能心领神会、模仿套用。至于练习英语写作，可以先练习写文章摘要、大意和小结，进而改写已有的范文和书信，逐渐过渡到***写作。如无教师指导，就应尽量多查语言工具书，以减少语言错误。
3. 套用：
练习性写作和考研写作一样，把熟练背记的词汇、成语、句型按提纲、漫画和提示的要求进行造句、组段，以便写出一篇比较规范的短文。这就叫套用。
练习写作要有决心、信心和恒心。要日积月累、细水长流、坚持不断。要以滴水穿石的精神去背记、改写和套用。相信最后你的作文水平一定会有质的飞跃
考研英语阅读：议论文如何快速定位论点论据
1.若前面有完整句子。后以for example、take sth for example 、such as 、take 、consider、like 等开始的，一直到点号结束，中间都不用读，括号括起来，括号内容为论据。前一句话为论据。此情况出现频率极高。这一技巧，在阅读理解和新题型中都是适用的。
"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."(1994年)
2.若前面有完整句子。后面马上出现引号引用某人的话，那后面的引用一定为论据，不用读。
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."(1996)那这段话中就只用读第一句。
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process … The designer and the inventor … are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."(1996)这段话也只用读第一句。
3. 抽象观点或概念后，有具体例子。例子为论据。这是一种频率高但是很容易忽略的点。希望大家好好练习：
But the tide is unlikely to turn back, In Australia - where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
在这一小段话中。In Australia与 In the US and Canada并列，同时也是前一句话tide趋势这一抽象概念的2个具体例子。
4. 某句后有人名，数字，时间等列举。列举点一定是论据。
The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
那这段话就只用读第一句。
Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.
Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance cashing."
那这2段话该怎么分析呢?我们可以看到第二段出现了2个人，也就是说整个第二段都是人名的列举。都是例子都不需要读。
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